The installations in the internal plant,

In the installations in the internal plant, the cable is usually of distribution or “breakout”. The distribution cables have more fibers within a smaller diameter cable, but the termination must be inside the connection panels or the wall-mounted termination boxes. Breakout cables take more place but allow direct connection without hardware, so they are suitable for industrial use. The fiber cable may be a problem because the backbone of the cable ( backbone ) now have many fibers for their current use, for future extensions and to have spare cables; That is why distribution cables are the most popular choice.

The cable jacket must have fire retardant components, according to the National Electrical Equipment Code (NEC). In general, non-conductive optical fiber is used for vertical wiring (OFNR) installations, unless the cable travels air circulation areas above the ceiling, in which case non-conductive optical fiber is used for the installation of horizontal wiring (OFNP). The OM3 fiber cable jacket must be requested to be watercolored so that it can be identified as optical fiber and as OM3 50/125 fiber.

If the cable will be installed between buildings, there are designs available for indoor and outdoor use that have water-blocking materials and double jacket. The jacket that covers on the outside is moisture resistant for outdoor use but can be easily removed so that it is the jacket that covers on the inside that has fire protection for indoor use.
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The choice of fiber optic connector is also undergoing modifications. The ST connectors, and even the SC, are being relegated due to the success of the smaller LC connector. Since most high-speed equipment (gigabit and higher) uses LC connectors, using them in the cable network means that there must be compatibility with only one connector. The LC connector gives an important advantage to users who leave earlier versions and start using OM3 fiber. The LC connector is not compatible with the SC and ST connectors, so if you use it in 50/125 fiber cable networks you cannot combine it with the 50 and 62.5 fibers and you will experience an optical loss due to the significant incompatibility between the fibers.

The cables of the internal 

Choice of transmission equipment

Choosing the transmission equipment is the next step in the design of a fiber-optic network. This step is usually a collaboration opportunity between the client, who knows the types of data that need to be transmitted, the designer and installer and the manufacturers of the transmission equipment. The transmission equipment and the cable network are closely related.

The distance and bandwidth will help determine the type of optical fiber that is needed, and that will depend on the optical interfaces of the cable network. The ease of choosing the equipment may depend on the type of communication equipment needed.

In the world of telecommunications, standards for optical fiber have been applied for 30 years, so that those involved in the process have extensive experience in the development and installation of equipment. Almost all telecommunications equipment complies with industry conventions, so you may find equipment for telecommunication transmission for short links (in general, metropolitan area networks that can reach 20 or 30 km) and for Long-distance links as extensive as networks installed below the sea. They all work with single-mode fiber, but they can specify different types of this fiber.
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The shorter telecommunications links use 1310 nm lasers in common single-mode fibers, called G.652 fibers, which is an international standard. Longer distances use displaced dispersion fiber, optimized to operate with 1500 nm lasers (G.652 fiber). In almost all installations one of these two options is used. Most telecommunications companies offer both options.

Most CATV links are AM (analog) systems that are based on special linear lasers, called distributed feedback lasers (DFB), which use 1310 nm or 1550 nm and operate on common single mode fibers. As the CATV approaches digital transmission, it will begin to use more of its own telecommunications technology, which is already completely digital.

How OTDRs work

Unlike the sources and power meters that measure the loss of the fiber optic cable network directly, the OTDR works indirectly. The source and the meter duplicate the transmitter and receiver of the transmission link of an optical fiber, so the measurement correlates correctly with the actual loss of the system.

The OTDR, however, uses backscattered fiber light to detect losses; It works as a RADAR (radio distance detection and measurement), sending a pulse of high-power laser light through the fiber and looking for return signals of the backscattered light on the fiber or the reflected light of the connector or splice joints. The amount of backscattered light is very small, so the OTDR sends many pulses and averages for results.

At any time, the light that the OTDR sees is the scattered light of the pulse that passes through a region of the fiber. Only a small amount of light is scattered back to the OTDR, but with wider test pulses, sensitive receivers and average signal, it is possible to make measurements over relatively long distances. Since it is possible to calibrate the pulse velocity as it passes through the fiber, the OTDR can measure time, calculate the pulse position in the fiber and correlate what it sees in backscattered light with a real location in the fiber. Therefore, you can create an instant image of the fiber,
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Since the pulse is attenuated in the fiber as it passes along it and suffers losses in the connectors and splices, the amount of power in the test pulse decreases as it passes along the fiber in the network of cables under test. Therefore, the portion of the light that is backscattered will be reduced accordingly, which will produce an image of the actual loss that occurs in the fiber. Some calculations are necessary to convert this information to display it on the screen, since the process occurs twice, once when it leaves the OTDR and once in the return path of the dispersion in the test pulse.

Visual continuity plotter

Visual inspection

Visual continuity plotter

Continuity verification with a visual continuity plotter can trace the path of a fiber from one end to another through several connections, and thus verify continuity, correct connections and the polarity of the duplex connector. A visual continuity plotter resembles a flashlight or a pen-like instrument with a bulb or LED source that attaches to a fiber optic connector. Connect the fiber you should test to the plotter and look at the other end of the fiber to see the light transmitted through the fiber core. If you don't see any light at the end,

A good example of how a continuity visual plotter can save time and money is to test the fiber in a coil before installing it to make sure it has not been damaged during shipping. First, verify that there are no visible signs of damage to the fiber in the coil (such as cracked or broken coils, twisted cables, etc.). During the test, visual continuity plotters also help identify the next fiber to be tested with the test kit to check for loss. When connecting the cables to the connection panels, use the visual continuity plotter to make sure each connection is composed of the two correct fibers. In order to make sure that the correct fiber is connected between the transmitter and receiver, use the visual continuity plotter instead of the transmitter, and your eye instead of the receiver to verify the connection. Follow all rules regarding eye safety when working with visual plotters.

Visual fault location

A more powerful version of the visual continuity plotter called the Visual Fault Locator (VFL) uses a visible laser that can also find faults. The red laser light is powerful enough to perform a continuity check or to trace fibers for several kilometers, identify splices in splice trays and show breakage in high loss fibers or connectors. You can see the loss of light in the breakage of fiber through the bright red light of the VFL, even though the jacket of several yellow or orange simplex cables (not with black or gray jackets, of course).

You can also use the VFL to visually verify and optimize mechanical splices or pre-polished fiber optic connectors. By visually reducing the lost light, you can get a splice with lower loss. No other method will guarantee high performance with these connectors.

Before using VFLs, a warning about eye safety is necessary. VFLs use visible light. The power level is high, therefore, you should not see the light directly. You will notice that looking directly at the exit of a fiber illuminated by a VFL is somewhat uncomfortable, therefore, when drawing fibers, it is convenient that you look at the side of the fiber to see if the VFL light is present.

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Visual inspection of the connector by microscope

Fiber optic inspection microscopes are used to inspect connectors, in order to confirm that polishing is adequate and to find faults such as scratches, polishing defects and dirt. They can be used both to verify the quality of the finishing procedure and to diagnose problems. A well-made connector has a smooth, polished and scratch-free finish, and the fiber shows no signs of cracks, splinters or areas where the fiber is protruding from the end of the splint or inward.

An experienced installer can place terminations on multi fiber cables

An experienced installer can place terminations on multifiber cables in approximately one minute per fiber, using the time required to cure the adhesive to prepare other connectors and reduce the time it takes for each connector.

It is important that you follow the termination procedures carefully, as they have been developed to generate the lowest losses and the most reliable terminations. Use only the specified adhesives, since fiber bonding to the splint is vital to achieving lower losses and long-term performance. And, like everything else, practice makes the expert!

Crimp / Polished

Instead of sticking the fiber in the connector, these connectors use a crimp bushing to hold the fiber. Most of those that were available in the past provided a marginal loss of performance, which is why they are no longer available. You can choose to change higher losses for faster termination speeds, but they are only a good option if you install a small amount and your customer agrees.
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Pre-polished type (also called "cut and crimp")

Some manufacturers offer connectors that come with a small piece of fiber already inserted into the splint and a mechanical splice inside the connector, so you only have to cut the fiber and insert it as a splice, a process that can be done quickly. To join the connector, many connectors use a fusion splice instead of a mechanical splice.

These incorrect fiber alignments occur for two reasons

The occasional need to interconnect two different fibers and the differences in the manufacture of fibers of the same nominal dimensions. The differences in manufacturing are only a few microns and contribute to generating only small amounts of optical loss, but the loss caused by incorrect alignments will be directional and will cause a greater optical loss when transmitted from the larger nuclei of the fibers to other smaller ones.

Since there are several types of single-mode fibers and two types of multimode fibers (50/125 and 62.5 / 125) that are commonly used today, and two other fibers (100/140 and 85/125) that were occasionally used in the Lastly, it is sometimes necessary to connect different fibers or use fibers of one size in systems designed for other fiber sizes. If you connect a smaller fiber to a larger one, the optical loss that occurs at the time of coupling will be minimal, but connecting larger fibers to smaller ones will cause a significant optical loss in the joint.
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In general, the usual optical loss of single-mode or multimode fiber connectors, factory polished by means of bonding or polishing techniques, is less than 0.3 dB. Very few installers face field
termination of single-mode fiber, in general, they fuse the factory- connected fiber cable ( pigtail )
to the fibers, since it is not so easy to polish the single-mode fiber connector when performing field termination, especially in terms of reflectance. Multimode fiber field terminations are common, as experienced installers can obtain results comparable to factory terminations with bonding or polishing techniques. The field termination of pre-polished or splicing connectors, made with a precision cutter (those manufactured for the fusers), can produce reasonable results near 0.5 dB, while a common cutter usually generates an optical loss from the range of 0.75 dB. Very few industry standards set limits on the level of optical loss of the connector, but the TIA 568 standard requires that the optical loss in the connection is less than 0.75 dB and the optical loss in the splice at 0.3 dB. They are high figures of loss but that will allow the use of pre-polished or splicing connectors and most mechanical

splices.

Fiber optic in detail

In these fibers, the core is constituted by a uniform material whose refractive index is clearly higher than that of the surrounding shell. The passage from the nucleus to the deck, therefore, implies a brutal variation of the index, hence its stepped index name.

Connector types

Fiber optic in detail
These elements are responsible for connecting the fiber lines to an element, whether it is a transmitter or a receiver. The types of connectors available are very varied, among which we can find are the following:
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FC, which is used in data transmission and telecommunications.
FDDI is used for fiber-optic networks.
LC and MT-Array that are used in high-density data transmissions.
SC and SC-Duplex are used for data transmission.
ST or BFOC is used in building networks and security systems.
Light beam emitters: These devices are responsible for converting the electrical signal into a light signal, emitting the light beam that allows data transmission, these emitters can be of two types:
LEDs They use a current of 50 to 100  mA, its speed is slow, it can only be used in multimode fibers, but its use is easy and its lifetime is very large, besides being economical.
Lasers This type of transmitter uses a current of 5 to 40  mA, they are very fast, it can be used with both types of fiber, single-mode and multimode, but on the contrary, its use is difficult, its lifetime is long but shorter than the of the LEDs and they are also much more expensive.
Electric light-current converters. These types of devices convert the light signals that come from the optical fiber into electrical signals. They are limited to obtaining a current from the incident modulated light, this current is proportional to the power received, and therefore, to the waveform of the modulating signal.
It is based on the opposite phenomenon of recombination, that is, on the generation of electron-hollow pairs from photons. The simplest type of detector corresponds to a PN semiconductor junction. The conditions that a photodetector must meet for its use in the field of communications are the following: