Company that keeps reinventing itself as a manufacturer

I spent many hours with that day, and I was delighted by his wry sense of humor and somewhat goofy smile; he had first worked in Corning’s Brazilian regional office as an optical communications specialist and had transferred to upstate New York about 15 years earlier. I could see that he loved his job.

 He’s helping to run the enormous centralized research lab—the Bell Labs of our era—for a company that keeps reinventing itself as a manufacturer and annually invests about 10 percent of its revenue, no matter what, in research and development.
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Susan Crawford is the John A. Reilly Clinical Professor of Law at Harvard Law School, a columnist for WIRED, and author of the 2013 book Captive Audience. Crawford served as Special Assistant to the President for Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy (2009) and co-led the FCC transition team between the Bush and Obama administrations.

Mazzali brought me a cup of steaming coffee; as I drank, he said emphatically: “When you think about glass, some people say, ‘Oh, I get sand, and I melt that, and then I make glass.’ Of course it’s much more sophisticated than that for optical fiber. It’s totally different.”

Central Tube Unarmored Optical Cables

Overview

Indoor/Outdoor type installation. Designed for indoor/outdoor applications to protect optical fiber for the unexpected mechanical and environmental conditions. Qualification and acceptance testing are performed to assure the optical cable’s performance and durability in several environments.
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Applications

Building interconnection. Campus and Local Area Network.

Highlights

Fiber counts up to 12
Light weight
High tensile strength design
Dry core design
Small diameter
Colored fiber for the quick identification
UV resistance for the outer sheath
Fully complies with international standards, TIA/EIA

For municipalities to qualify for these grants

For municipalities to qualify for these grants that have to fit certain criteria. Criteria vary from state to state, as does the definition of broadband. When we talk about “defining broadband” we don’t mean a dictionary definition. What we are referring to is a minimum internet speed, defined by FCC and/or state government.

This definition is a moving target right now, in January 2018 the FCC decided to keep their 2016 definition of broadband, leaving it at 25/3 Mbps. That does not mean every state’s broadband definition is 25/3 Mbps, in fact, some states have multiple definitions with the option to change them when needed. To qualify for any government funding though, a community has to have speeds that fall under a broadband definition.
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An ISP receiving any government funding has to build to the definition, though some grants have a specific build to definition. The build to definition means there are specific speeds an ISP’s new infrastructure has to meet. If those speeds are asymmetrical, such as 10/10, that ISP will have to build fiber.

Another element of governments increased interest in broadband infrastructure is policy related. There are currently twenty states with laws that prohibit municipalities from building their own broadband network. Many of these state laws were lobbied into action by large telecom corporations. Under these laws, rural towns that don’t appeal to ISPs have no options when it comes to broadband infrastructure.

Town Hall Sign on Building Facade

Broadband is an important tool for government, big and small.

Societal Benefits
E-Government & Civic Participation: What makes government work as it should is transparency and public engagement. Access to reliable, high-speed Internet allows live streaming of municipal, state and federal proceedings – either in real time or more importantly on demand. Government websites and social media provide a continuous stream of information to the public as well as forums for public participation.

Citizens can pay taxes online, register vehicles, procure hunting, fishing, and pet licenses, and with the click of a button, communicate via email with elected officials and staff. Many government entities have employed a messaging system that allows citizens to use any smart device to alert officials about everything from dangerous potholes to emergency situations they might witness.
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Public Safety: Chapter 16 on The National Broadband Plan addresses the importance of broadband to public safety. The plan suggests that:

“Broadband can help public safety personnel prevent emergencies and respond swiftly when they occur. Broadband can also provide the public with new ways of calling for help and receiving emergency information.”

These two parts work together to create a phenomenon

These two parts work together to create a phenomenon called total internal reflection. Total internal reflection is how light is able to move down the fibers, without escaping. It is when the light hits the glass at an extremely shallow angle, less than 42 degrees, and reflects back again as if reflecting against a mirror.

The cladding keeps the light in the core because the glass/plastic it is made of has a different optical density or lower refractive index. Both these terms refer to how the glass bends (refraction)and therefore slows down the light.
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Light is transmitted down the fiber in LED or Laser pulses that travel extremely fast. These pulses carry binary data, which is a coding system that makes up everything we see on the Internet, even the words you are reading right now. Binary code is made up of bits, which are just ones and zeroes. These bits send messages in organized eight-part patterns, called bytes.

It is easy to translate the bits of binary into light pulses. One pulse means one and no pulse means zero. These pulses can travel sixty miles before they experience any degradation. To transport data across thousands of miles these pulses go through optical amplifiers that boost their signal so that no data is lost.

Fiber optic cable is used to connect one electronic or optical device

Fiber optic cable is used to connect one electronic or optical device to another for signal routing. It transmits S/PDIF digital audio information in optical form (red light). Multimode cable is suitable for most general bi-directional fiber optic applications, such as installing and extending desktop network connections. Single-mode cable has a tight buffer that helps protect the cable's individual fibers when used in long runs.

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A study provides new evidence that the same optical fibers that deliver high-speed internet and HD video to our homes could one day double as earthquake monitors.
Fiber-optic cables are the backbone of modern telecommunications, and we have demonstrated that we can turn existing networks into extensive seismic arrays to assess ground motions during earthquakes,” says first author Zack Spica, an assistant professor in the earth and environmental sciences department at the University of Michigan.

UNDERGROUND EARTHQUAKE SENSOR SYSTEM
Researchers conducted the study using a prototype array at Stanford University, where Spica was a postdoctoral fellow for several years.

“This is the first time that fiber-optic seismology has been used to derive a standard measure of subsurface properties that is used by earthquake engineers to anticipate the severity of shaking,” says coauthor Greg Beroza, professor in Stanford University’s School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences.


To transform a fiber-optic cable into a seismic sensor, the researchers connect an instrument called a laser interrogator to one end of the cable. It shoots pulses of laser light down the fiber. The light bounces back when it encounters impurities along the fiber, creating a “backscatter signal” that is analyzed by a device called an interferometer.

Core - Thin glass center of the fiber where the light travels

Core - Thin glass center of the fiber where the light travels
Cladding - Outer optical material surrounding the core that reflects the light back into the core
Buffer coating - Plastic coating that protects the fiber from damage and moisture
Hundreds or thousands of these optical fibers are arranged in bundles in optical cables. The bundles are protected by the cable's outer covering, called a jacket.

Optical fibers come in two types:

Single-mode fibers
Multi-mode fibers
See Tpub.com: Mode Theory for a good explanation.
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Single-mode fibers have small cores (about 3.5 x 10-4 inches or 9 microns in diameter) and transmit infrared laser light (wavelength = 1,300 to 1,550 nanometers). Multi-mode fibers have larger cores (about 2.5 x 10-3 inches or 62.5 microns in diameter) and transmit infrared light (wavelength = 850 to 1,300 nm) from light-emitting diodes (LEDs).

Some optical fibers can be made from plastic. These fibers have a large core (0.04 inches or 1 mm diameter) and transmit visible red light (wavelength = 650 nm) from LEDs.

Let's look at how an optical fiber works.

Optical Fiber Core Diameters

TECHNICAL NOTE: Fiber Optic Cable Types

fiber diameters
Optical Fiber Core Diameters
Relative Size Comparison
The center of the fiber, or the Core, plays a big role in the quality and distance the signal can travel through the fiber. Core size is a big factor in how far the signal will travel. In general, the smaller the core the farther the optical signal (light pulse) will go before it needs regenerated.

Later we will get into a bit more detail on Single Mode and Multi-mode Fiber cables but for now understand that Single Mode Fiber has a much smaller core than Multimode Fiber. This smaller core keeps the reflections tighter and on a more direct path thus allowing the optical signal to travel farther.

Standard Fiber Core Sizes
Multimode Fiber Core Size: 50um and 62.5um
Single Mode Fiber Core Size: 8 – 9um
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Note: Core measurement is in microns (um)

In General, Single Mode (SM) fiber is used for long distances or higher bandwidth needs and uses a laser has its light source while Multimode (MM) Fiber uses an LED as its light source and is used for short distances or less bandwidth intensive applications.

Advantages of Fiber Optic Cables

Fiber cables offer several advantages over long-distance copper cabling.

Fiber optics support a higher capacity. The amount of network bandwidth a fiber cable can carry easily exceeds that of a copper cable with similar thickness. Fiber cables rated at 10 Gbps, 40 Gbps, and 100 Gbps are standard.
Because light can travel for much longer distances over a fiber cable without losing its strength, the need for signal boosters is lessened.

A fiber optic cable is less susceptible to interference. A copper network cable requires shielding to protect it from electromagnetic interference. While this shielding helps, it is not sufficient to prevent interference when many cables are strung together in proximity to one another. The physical properties of fiber optic cables avoid most of these problems.
Fiber to the Home, Other Deployments, and Fiber Networks
Whereas most fiber optics are installed to support long-distance connections between cities and countries, some residential internet providers have invested in extending their fiber installations to suburban neighborhoods for direct access by households. Providers and industry professionals call these last mile installations.
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Some better-known fiber-to-the-home services in the market include Verizon FIOS and Google Fiber. These services can provide gigabit internet speeds to households. However, they typically also offer lower capacity packages to customers. Different home-consumer packages are often abbreviated with these acronyms:

FTTP (Fiber to the Premises): Fiber that's laid all the way to the building.
FTTB (Fiber to the Building/Business/Block): The same as FTTP.
FTTC/N (Fiber to the Curb of Node): Fiber that is laid to the node but then copper wires complete the connection inside the building.

There has in the past been some interest

There has in the past been some interest in using squeezed states of light. The quantum noise limit I have assumed is that of a Glauber coherent state, which saturates the Heisenberg inequality σxσp≥ℏ2 and has equal uncertainty in the conjugate "position" and "momentum" variables.

On a phase plane, this can be translated into a lower bound on the product of amplitude and phase uncertainties. One can produce squeezed states with less phase uncertainty at the expense of amplitude uncertainty,

so the idea was to use a frequency or phase modulated transmission scheme and lower the uncertainty in the transmitted phase. However, one of course gets a worsening of the amplitude SNR (we can't in quantum mechanics, thwart the Heisenberg inequality), so such schemes make marginal if any difference to the overall SNR. They certainly won't change the orders of magnitudes I discussed above.
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Here is an excellent summary paper on the subject, fleshing out my summary above and discussing quantitative modifications to the model above for noises other than the "fundamental" quantum noise (especially Raman and Amplified Spontaneous Emission): René-Jean Essiambre, Gerhard Kramer, Peter J. Winzer, Gerard J. Foschini, and Bernhard Goebel, "Capacity Limits of Optical Fiber Networks", J. LIGHTWAVE TECH., VOL. 28, NO. 4, FEBRUARY 15, 2010.

A mobile fiber optic splice

A mobile fiber optic splice lab used to access and splice underground cables

An underground fiber optic splice enclosure opened up
The choice between optical fiber and electrical (or copper) transmission for a particular system is made based on a number of trade-offs. Optical fiber is generally chosen for systems requiring higher bandwidth or spanning longer distances than electrical cabling can accommodate.

The main benefits of fiber are its exceptionally low loss (allowing long distances between amplifiers/repeaters), its absence of ground currents and other parasite signal and power issues common to long parallel electric conductor runs (due to its reliance on light rather than electricity for transmission, and the dielectric nature of fiber optic), and its inherently high data-carrying capacity.

Thousands of electrical links would be required to replace a single high bandwidth fiber cable. Another benefit of fibers is that even when run alongside each other for long distances, fiber cables experience effectively no crosstalk, in contrast to some types of electrical transmission lines.
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Fiber can be installed in areas with high electromagnetic interference (EMI), such as alongside utility lines, power lines, and railroad tracks. Nonmetallic all-dielectric cables are also ideal for areas of high lightning-strike incidence.

Fiber cable types A cable reel trailer

Fiber cable types

A cable reel trailer with conduit that can carry optical fiber

Multi-mode optical fiber in an underground service pit
An optical fiber cable consists of a core, cladding, and a buffer (a protective outer coating), in which the cladding guides the light along the core by using the method of total internal reflection. The core and the cladding (which has a lower-refractive-index) are usually made of high-quality silica glass, although they can both be made of plastic as well.

Connecting two optical fibers is done by fusion splicing or mechanical splicing and requires special skills and interconnection technology due to the microscopic precision required to align the fiber cores.
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Two main types of optical fiber used in optic communications include multi-mode optical fibers and single-mode optical fibers. A multi-mode optical fiber has a larger core (≥ 50 micrometers), allowing less precise, cheaper transmitters and receivers to connect to it as well as cheaper connectors. However, a multi-mode fiber introduces multimode distortion, which often limits the bandwidth and length of the link. Furthermore, because of its higher dopant content, multi-mode fibers are usually expensive and exhibit higher attenuation.

The core of a single-mode fiber is smaller (<10 micrometers) and requires more expensive components and interconnection methods, but allows much longer, higher-performance links. Both single- and multi-mode fiber is offered in different grades.

Fiber Optic Fusion Splicer

ntroduction:

ALK-88A Fusion Splicer Fiber Optic Equipment is a New Fusion splicing machine and have our own intellectual property right of fiber adjustment technology. It adopts advanced PAS Fiber adustment technology . Adopt four motors drive, have fiber adjustment function, it is not only used for FTTX project, but also can be used for the trunk line, it is a machine which is the smallest volume ,the lightest weight ,the most fast splicing speed


Features:

(1) Based on the principle of PAS(Lateral Projection System), adopt advanced image detection algorithm;

(2) Double core align structure, higher success rate of fusion and lower loss;

(3) Adopt 4.3 inches 16:9 TFT colorized LCD screen;

(4) Typical fusion time: 9sec; fast time: 7sec

(5) Typical heating time: Automatic v-shaped heat shrinkable 19 seconds, cover and automatic heating ;

(6) Reliability design, strengthen shockproof, dustproof and other functions;

(7) Low power consumption design makes it possible to work long time with many functions operate at the same time;

(8) Multi-functional, small-sized, portable, can greatly improve working efficiency;

(9) Can detect the air pressure, temperature and humidity and other environmental factors and automatically calibrate arc.

(10)Removable plug the battery, convenient and quick charge;

(11)Cornering, the straps can be used for aerial work.
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Gandeng FiberStar, Wiraland Hadirkan Konektivitas Internet Serat Optik

Wiraland Property Group selaku pengembang menghadirkan fasilitas jaringan koneksi internet serat optik berkecepatan 1 Gbps yang bekerja sama dengan FiberStar. FiberStar menerapkan solusi berbasis fiber optik dengan konsep Net Netralitas sehingga memungkinkan berbagai penyediaan layanan konten (ISP, TV berbayar, telephony).

 Para pemilik dan penghuni rumah dibebaskan untuk memilih penyedia layanan sesuai dengan keinginannya. Menurut Head of West Region FiberStar Ade Roy Siagian, jaringan serat optik merupakan faktor utama dalam menyiapkan ekosistem digital di dalam sebuah kawasan, yang dapat digunakan dalam penerapan Internet Of Things (IOT) sebagai penyokong aktivitas kehidupan sehari-hari. "IOT dapat meningkatkan kenyamanan hidup penghuni dan secara otomatis meningkatkan daya saing properti di pasaran," kata Ade, kepada KompasProperti, Kamis (20/4/2017).
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FiberStar berdiri sejak 2014, merupakan bagian dari Salim Group melalui bendera PT Indoritel. Perusahaan ini telah berkembang menjadi penyedia layanan infrastruktur nasional berbasis kabel serat optik dengan konsep Net Neutrality.

Director of Sales Wiraland Property Group Jenny Lok menuturkan, Givency One yang berlokasi di Jalan Gaperta Ujung, Medan, awalnya merupakan proyek mangkrak yang sebelumnya terbengkalai. "Kami mengubahnya menjadi Givency One dengan omset penjualan yang mencapai Rp 250 miliar setahun," ujar dia. Berdiri di atas tanah seluas 50 hektar, Givency One merupakan yang akan dikembangkan 1.000 rumah dalam tiga tahap.

Artikel ini telah tayang di Kompas.com dengan judul "Gandeng FiberStar, Wiraland Hadirkan Konektivitas Internet Serat Optik",

Optical Fiber Networks: 3 Indonesia Sets Conservative Targets for Fiberization

Tri set a conservative target regarding fiberisation. Deputy Director of PT Hutchison 3 Indonesia Danny Buldansyah said that the company had fiberised 10% of its network.

Fiberization is only carried out in a number of areas with heavy data traffic such as Jakarta.

At a number of other points, said Danny, the company still relies on microwaves (microwaves).

"Fiberization depends on our BTS Hub. Our first biggest hub in Jakarta, there are also many in Central Java, "Danny told Bisnis.com some time ago. 

Danny said that for 2020, the company plans to increase fiber to 15% of the network length.

The company is waiting for cheap optical fiber rental rates to conduct fiberisisia.

In addition, Tri prefers to rent from telecommunications network operators rather than building their own fiber optic infrastructure.

The reason, the price of optical fiber rental every year is getting lower.

"If renting is long-term 5-10 years, we believe the rental price falls every year. So why are we renting for the next 10 years at a high price? " said Danny.

As for liberalization with readiness in welcoming 5G, Danny said that the company will only start promoting liberalisation after there is certainty about 5G in terms of the spectrum to legality. 

Head of the Electrical Engineering Study Program in Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) Ian Yosef M. Edward said that the large number of players in the operation of optical fiber networks has made the prices given to operators even cheaper.  

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He gave an example of single-mode and multimode technology for optical fiber. In technology, single-mode is better than multimode.

However, due to the high demand and the large number of operators selling the product, the price offered by single mode optical fiber technology is cheaper compared to multimode. 

Ian said that with more sophisticated technology, the price of single mode is more expensive, but this is indisputable. 

"Because what is used today is mostly single mode, the price offered is cheaper," Ian said.

Fiber Optic Cable Parts

Fiber Optic Cable basically consists of several main parts, namely:

Core (core) - Core is the part that transmits light made of glass or plastic. The greater the core or core, the more light can be transmitted into the fiber.
Cladding - The outer optical part that surrounds the Core (core) which reflects light waves back to the Core.
Coating (Coating) - Coating is usually coated with plastic which is applied to maintain the strength of the fiber, absorb shocks and provide extra protection against Fiber. This buffer layer is available from 250 microns to 900 microns which serves to protect the fiber from damage and moisture.
Outer Jacket - Hundreds of up to thousands of fibers / optical fibers arranged and bundled in a fiber optic cable are protected by an outer cable wrapper which is usually called the outer jacket.
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Types of Fiber Optic Cables
Optical Fiber Cables or Optical Fiber generally consists of two types, namely Single-mode fibers and Multi-mode fibers.

1. Single-mode Fiber (SMF)
Single-mode fibers are a type of optical fiber that is generally used to transmit longer distances. This Single Fiber Mode has a small core which is about 9 microns in diameter and sends out infrared laser beams that have wavelengths from 1,300 nanometers to 1,550 nanometers. Because it has a smaller diameter that allows only one mode of light to propagate, the amount of reflected light that is created when light passes through the core will decrease and can reduce attenuation thereby producing the ability for the signal to move further.

2. Multi-mode Fiber (MMF)
Multi-mode Fiber or Multi-mode Fiber is a type of optical fiber specifically designed to transmit more light rays at the same time with each of them at slightly different reflection angles in the optical fiber core. Multi-mode Fiber is generally used to transmit data over a relatively short range. Multi-mode Fiber has a larger core with a diameter of about 62.5 microns and transmits infrared light whose wavelengths are around 850nm to 1,300 nm from LEDs. Because it has a larger diameter, the amount of light reflected when the light passes through the core increases thus creating the ability to transmit more data at the same time.

When fiber optics is available

When fiber optics is available, will I be required to purchase a fiber subscription?
No. Nothing obliges you to subscribe to a Very High Speed ​​subscription if your ADSL subscription is suitable for your uses. The easiest way is to contact an Internet Service Provider (ISP) and compare the offers.

Who pays for the fiber connection from the limit of the public domain to the interior of the dwelling?
It is up to the inhabitant to make the request to his access provider and to bear the costs.

Note: the cost of installation is regularly offered by access providers as part of commercial offers.

My accommodation appears eligible, but when the access provider came to install the fiber, it was unable to do so because of the impossibility of passing through the sheath.
The reason is undoubtedly the deterioration of the old France Telecom network borrowed by the operator to serve housing. This network may have deteriorated over time or due to work carried out in the sector which resulted in a breakage or plugging of the sheath.

There are two cases:

Breakage is located in the public domain: in this case, the repair is the responsibility of the access provider who must make an intervention request to Orange, the only person authorized to intervene on its network.
Breakage is located on the private domain: in this case, it is your responsibility to restore the sheath, at your expense.
My accommodation is eligible, what steps should I take now?
As soon as your accommodation is eligible, the construction of the final connection is linked to the prior subscription of a fiber subscription with an Access Provider. This subscription is made online or in an agency.

Once the subscription has been made, a technician from the access provider will make an appointment with you to make the connection. It will create a specific fiber optic socket inside your home

Note: during your subscription, check the technical and material conditions required by the access provider to facilitate the intervention of technicians (in particular the question of the availability of sleeves)

Does the construction of a fiber optic socket lead to the elimination of the traditional telephone socket?
No, it involves installing a new socket, independent of the sockets in place. The technician cannot modify or delete the existing copper network

The stages of installing optical fiber in a house
Once the eligibility test and the choice of the supplier have been made, the future subscriber must subscribe to a fiber offer and set an appointment date for the technicians to come. The fiber installation generally lasts from 2 to 4 hours, depending on the type of installation (above or below ground) and the distance between the connection point closest to the house to the fiber optic socket.

Outside the property, technicians start by opening the room on which the house depends in order to recover the connection point.
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Thanks to a pulling cable, the fiber is pulled into the sheath already used by the telephone cable.
Generally, the arrival of the sleeves is in the garage, not far from the electric meter. The customer should make sure that this location is accessible to installers and not obstructed by furniture, for example.
According to the practical or aesthetic considerations of the client and after examining the accommodation, the technicians determine the most suitable route for circulating the fiber to the fiber optic outlet: using one of the sleeves, on the plinths or even through the bulkhead.
The fiber optic plug is installed and soldered. Its location is important since it will be connected to the box. It is a question of taking into account the layout of the house but also the way in which the client wishes to connect his equipment to the box (Ethernet, WI-FI or line carrier current).
The installers configure the box and test its flow. If everything is in order, the installation is then complete.

Cables useful for more than one reason

Cables useful for more than one reason
“This full-scale experiment will allow us to test new types of measuring instruments. Indeed, like terrestrial fibers, submarine cables not only transport communications, but also identify the vibrations of the ground on which the fiber is placed. The equipment placed at the end of the pair of fibers will allow it to be used as an antenna allowing better localization of seismic signals from the region, "detailed the operator's direction, while the surroundings of Mayotte have been the subject of great vigilance on the part of the authorities since the discovery of an active underwater volcanic structure off the coast of the department.

"While the use of optical fiber for the surveillance of engineering structures has become widespread over the past twenty years with sensors located on portions of fiber, scientists are seeking to exploit the different intrinsic backscattering of fibers as sensors to obtain information about its environment, "also explained the staff of the incumbent operator, recalling that optical fibers have been used as sensors for several years already.
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"This agreement between the FLY-LION3 consortium and the IPGP makes it possible to envisage a diversification of the use of submarine cables beyond the support of connectivity needs", rejoiced Orange at the end of the announcement of this agreement, while its dedicated branch has been increasing connectivity projects for several years and could find with this new application a new use case to ensure the future of its underwater infrastructure.

What is optical fiber? simplicity of using fiber optic

What is optical fiber?
The simplicity of using fiber optic communications may seem attractive. However, the testing of fiber optic cables requires understanding some basic principles that differentiate them from the testing of analog cables that preceded them.

An optical fiber consists of a very fine glass wire, surrounded by a protective plastic envelope. The light, injected into the heart of the fiberglass, follows the physical path of this fiber because of its total internal refraction between the heart and the sheath.

The three components of an optical fiber
Optical fiber is made up of:
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Core: the center of the fiber optic cable, made of specially treated glass or plastic. It is used to transmit light over the entire length of the cable and must therefore be as pure and clean as possible.
Sheath: an additional layer, made of a material similar to that of the heart, but with a lower refractive index to facilitate continuous refraction from the light source to the heart.
Coating: the outer layer of the cable which envelops, protects and insulates the core and the sheath.